Hollow fiber membranes offer a compelling strategy for water treatment applications due to their unique geometric characteristics and exceptional efficacy. These cylindrical structures, composed of ceramic materials, possess a large contact area to volume ratio, enabling efficient purification of contaminants from water. The porous nature of hollo

Hollow fiber membrane bioreactors (HFMBs) are gaining increasing recognition/popularity/adoption in a variety of biotechnological applications due to their versatility/adaptability/flexibility. These systems offer several advantages, including high productivity/output/efficiency, compact design, and the ability to operate under sterile/controlled/a

Recent studies have focused on optimizing the efficiency of PVDF membrane bioreactors (MBRs) for effective wastewater treatment. Key methods for enhancement involve modifying the system configuration, optimizing operational parameters such as flow rate, and incorporating advanced technologies. These improvements aim to improve removal rates of cont

The performance of polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) membrane bioreactors in treating municipal wastewater is a subject of significant interest. These bioreactors combine the principles of aerobic treatment with membrane filtration to achieve high purification rates of various impurities. This article presents a comprehensive evaluation of PVDF membra